Research Methods (Human Resource)

Question: Examine about the Research techniques (Human asset)? Answer: Table 1 What are the upsides of utilizing interviews for this reason? this plan can be taken a gander at in considerably more force than practically some other strategy hopefuls are given the chance to complicated in a way that is unthinkable with different techniques like evaluation research interviewees can dispense data with scientists in their own language and from their own perspectives subjective meeting forms are expected to draw out extensive data about the subject of intrigue A respondents non-verbal communication, and even her or his choice of time and site for the meeting, may offer a scientist with important information (Creswell 2013) Up close and personal association probability What are the potential burdens? subjective cross examination relies upon respondents capacity to correctly and honestly bring out whatever points of interest about their living, situation, sentiments, perspectives, or practices are being gotten some information about subjective cross examination is time comprehensive and can be truly expensive (Ritchie et al 2013) Performing subjective meetings isn't just exertion comprehensive yet in addition expressively testing. Scientists jumping on a subjective meeting venture, for an issue like lewd behavior should remember their own capacities to regard stories that might be difficult to tune in gracefulness can end result in errors across meet measure of data excessively massive; might be difficult to duplicate out and trim down information In what capacity should the questioner guarantee the obscurity and secrecy of the interviewee? The methodology of predominance is the most regular procedure to ensure the respondents protection in human science. Under this technique, analysts must amass, examine and account information excluding the qualities of their respondents, and with no distinguishing data, assuming any Analysts typically give classification concurs toward the start of the information accumulation process Classification is concentrated during information association. Scientists remove identifiers to create a spotless arrangement of information. This set, likely, doesn't involve data that recognizes respondents, for example, a name or address. The names of respondents can be changed with pen names. Addresses can be expelled from the document once they are not any more valuable By what means should the questioner choose what number of representatives to meet? Bar the competitors who are not adequately before the procedure of meeting Pick the gifted people who fit precisely with the prerequisite basis make arrangements of fundamental and attractive abilities pick the potential applicants utilizing pre-screening procedures, for example, fitness tests and character profiles select the interviewees under an appropriate and specified system (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015) cautiously pick the up-and-comers who has clear and exact thought regarding the executives improvement approaches of the association, in other sense, pick the representatives whose gave data will be valuable to the business and choices can be taken relying upon their particular reactions What questions ought to be remembered for the meeting and why? Direct inquiries regarding family members, matrimonial status, age, otherworldly or stubborn connection are not authorized inside the business meet as it might hurt interviewees self image Inquiries to fairly approve the life of information on the tributes in respondents milieu as it straightforwardly identifies with research circumstance and discoveries Inquiries to break down how an interviewee would respond in an arrangement of conditions to examine his availability and related effects Inquiries to impartially survey past practices as a forecaster of forthcoming outcomes to approve present situation (Doody and Noonan 2013) Inquiries to fix up respondents past practices with express proficiencies, which assists with delineating point by point highlights of the method Representatives might be posed inquiries in meeting and how they would dissect and function through inactive case conditions to weigh up logical capacities and aptitude References Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research structure: Qualitative, quantitative, and blended strategies draws near. Sage distributions. Doody, O. what's more, Noonan, M., 2013. Getting ready and leading meetings to gather data.Nurse Researcher,20(5), pp.28-32. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. what's more, Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative exploration practice: A guide for sociology understudies and scientists. Sage. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. also, DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to subjective exploration strategies: A manual and asset. John Wiley Sons.

Principles of Political Liberalism Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Standards of Political Liberalism - Article Example In Political radicalism, all procedures, the general public spins to assist the parts of the bargains, who are considered as the focal point all things considered and organizations. Positions forced by the general public and its foundations, for example, government, government and organizations are held in less kindness to the privileges of the people to which the general public and these establishments depend on. In Political Liberalism, the people make the laws and standards of the general public. Such trademark is suggestive in spite of the fact that in a somewhat unique way, of the past thoughts on implicit understanding as thought of by Hobbes in his Leviathan and Rousseau in his treatise, The Social Contract. Fundamentally, the social contract3 holds that the people cause the laws to which they to consent to comply with, under the reason that people have the information on what is best for them. As it were, while the people are the premise of the laws, the people who all in all consent to maintain the law are each under the standard of the said law and have equivalent rights paying little heed to age, sex, race, monetary and societal position. Though in traditional radicalism, for example, in Hobbes' Leviathan, social contract3 alludes to the subjection of people to the sovereign, especially the person who administers, to which they are bound to by the assent under the contract, the cutting edge Political progressivism's accentuation on independence is contrary to such stand. Rousseau, in his Social Contract, sets that every individual is an individual from the group and should submit not to the administration however to the general will regardless of the individual enthusiasm, to benefit the general public, consequently, the term mainstream power. The standards of present day Political progressivism, be that as it may, are most normally connected with the works and speculations of John Rawl4. When all is said in done, the Political Liberalist hypotheses of Rawl expect a situation on equity just as a thought of decency that can be identified with the monetary game hypothesis. It means to give answers to current issues on the political solidness because of pluralism (Blunden 2003) by producing a perfect for a general public established on equity through ideas on citizenship and political instruction (Callan 1997). As per Larmore (1990), Political radicalism has been managing two fundamental issues. One of which is the issue of characterizing the cutoff points to the intensity of the administration which by quintessence restrains the opportunity and regard agreed to every person and in this way restricting the conditions in which each would be empowered with self-acknowledgment and satisfaction (Young 2002). Given the known majority of thoughts, which could quite often be negating, the issue lies in the trouble in characterizing the cutoff points to which the people can concede to (Young 2002). The subsequent issue, as indicated by Larmore (1990) is the distinguishing proof of the thoughts and qualities that would speak to the general will or the benefit of all. At the end of the day, it is the nearness and need of pluralism and assorted variety that makes the points of Political progressivism hard to accomplish. The test to Political radicalism currently is to make a lot of rules that would target equity without hindering decent variety. All things considered, the standards of Political progressivism are set to keep away from any danger to decent variety and with thought to such assorted variety that describes

A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Free Essays

string(180) particular help tasks articles (see the Appendix for a total list) and recorded data on the author(s) and writer af? liation(s) at the hour of publication. Creation AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Vol. 16, No. 6, November-December 2007, pp. We will compose a custom article test on A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now 780 â€790 issn 1059-1478 07 1606 780$1. 25 POMS doi 10. 3401/poms.  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Jeffery S. Smith †¢ Kirk R. Karwan †¢ Robert E. Markland Branch of Marketing, Florida State University, Rovetta Business Building, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Department of Business and Accounting, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA Management Science Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA jssmith@cob. fsu. edu †¢kirk. karwan@furman. edu †¢bobbym@moore. sc. edu e present an experimental evaluation of the efficiency of people and establishments as far as administration activities the executives (SOM) explore. We inspected ? ve standard tasks the executives diaries over a 17-year timeframe to produce an example of 463 articles identified with administration activities. The outcomes demonstrate that SOM investigate has been developing and key commitments are being made by a variety of analysts and establishments. Catchphrases: examine profitability; inquire about survey; administration activities Submissions and Acceptance: Original accommodation: Received November 2005; modifications got July 2006 and October 2007; acknowledged October 2007 by Aleda Roth. W 1. Presentation The change of industrialized economies from an assembling base to an assistance direction is a proceeding with wonder. The pattern is promptly evident in the United States where, by essentially all records, over 80% of private part business is occupied with a type of administration work (Karmarkar, 2004). In spite of this, onlookers of research in activities the executives (OM) have for quite some time been condemning of the ? eld for not changing likewise. One examination by Pannirselvam et al. (1999) checked on 1,754 articles somewhere in the range of 1992 and 1997 out of seven key OM diaries and detailed just 53 (2. 7%) tended to support related issues. Roth and Menor (2003) likewise voiced worry about a lack of research in introducing a Service Operations Management (SOM) look into plan for what's to come. Notwithstanding the specific ? gures, there is obviously tremendous potential and requirement for explore in the administration activities field. Late advancements inside the control are empowering. For instance, Production and Operations Management (POM) and the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) have found a way to encourage investigate in administration activities. In the first place, the diary as of late distributed three concentrated issues on 780 assistance activities. Second, POMS made a general public region, the College of Service Operations, that has facilitated a few national and global gatherings. At last, the diary presently has an independent publication office committed to support tasks. Different activities to advance the administration tasks the board ? eld incorporate the foundation of IBM’s Service Science, Management, and Engineering activity (Spohrer et al. , 2007) and the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science Section on Service Science. To a huge degree, the administration activities ? eld has for quite some time been considered to involve a specialty inside tasks the board. In the event that administration activities the executives specialists are to build up themselves ? rmly inside the OM people group, it is our dispute that their hypothetical commitments to driving scholarly diaries must be all the more broadly perceived and their pertinence to rehearse recognized. As a piece of the push to empower this advancement, the reason for this note is twofold: (1) to exhibit that distributed work in the key tasks diaries is without a doubt indicating an upward pattern and (2) to encourage research of individual researchers by distinguishing the people and organizations that have contributed most to the ? ld of administration activities. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 â€790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 781 2. Strategy and Results Although considerably more perplexing systems exist to gauge â€Å"contribution,† we depended on a clear way to deal with survey commitments by people and establishments. We thought about four issues: (1) the time span for the survey, (2) the diaries to be incorporated, (3) the measurement for profitability, and (4) the way to recognize the articles to be incorporated. Initially, we chose a 17-year time period starting with 1990 and going through 2006 in light of the fact that we accepted that this interim would give a complete image of the administration tasks ? eld as it has created, just as a chance to distinguish any general patterns. Next, we constrained our evaluation to the outlets identi? ed by the University of Texas at Dallas as the head diaries in tasks the board (see http://citm. utdallas. edu/utdrankings/). These incorporate 3 diaries committed to OM, the Journal of Operations Management (JOM), Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM), and POM, and two multidisciplinary diaries, Management Science (MS) and Operations Research (OR). Third, we evaluated insightful efficiency by tallying the quantity of research articles owing to the two people and their scholastic organizations, allocating a load of 1/n to a writer and their establishment if an article had numerous (â€Å"n†) writers. The ? al issue to decide was what established a SOM article. We ? rst dispensed with any article or research note that focused on horticulture, mining, or assembling. At that point, two writers filled in as free appointed authorities to decide if an article utilized a tasks center while tending to a help speci? c issue or circumstance. In situations where there was disTable 1 Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Totals Service % unders tanding between the two raters, the third creator made the ? al choice. Thus, an article was prohibited in the event that it built up a conventional activities model or included a tasks theme that was talked about in a general manner and was pertinent in either an assembling or an assistance domain. When an article made speci? c reference to support settings and expounded on them, it was incorporated. To explain this point, consider the instance of an article examining a stock situating approach between a maker and a progression of retailers. The article would be incorporated as relating to support activities on the off chance that it took the point of view of the retail activity however would be avoided on the off chance that it took the assembling perspective. Utilizing this strategy, we identi? ed 463 unmistakable help activities articles (see the Appendix for a total rundown) and recorded data on the author(s) and writer af? liation(s) at the hour of production. You read A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management in classification Paper models The numerical synopsis of articles is appeared in Table 1, with each journal’s portion of administration tasks articles. Over the 17-year time frame JOM, MSOM, and POM all surpassed 15% of administration articles as for the absolute number of articles distributed, with OR and MS distributing to some degree littler rates. Furthermore, there is an upward pattern in the complete number of administration articles showing up in all ? ve diaries, with a checked increment in the previous 3 years (see Figure 1). As to JOM and POM, some portion of this move is inferable from the production of extraordinary issues, which is a positive advancement since it exhibits an increased accentuation beginning at the article level. The absolute number of people showing up in the example pool was 799. In Table 2, we list 27 people Distribution of Service Operations Publications by Selected Journal and Year JOM 4 1 n/a 2 1 4 3 1 3 6 5 8 3 7 11 13 75 15. 4 MS 3 9 5 4 5 12 4 8 11 15 5 7 3 4 11 16 13 135 6. 5 MSOM n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 3 5 3 1 5 6 28 16. 8 OR 10 5 10 12 6 8 6 7 10 5 9 5 8 6 11 16 150 10. 1 POM n/a n/a 3 1 2 3 2 3 11 2 4 14 11 3 9 75 17. 9 Total 17 15 18 19 14 27 16 18 27 34 25 26 28 45 51 57 463 Service % 7. 0 6. 7 6. 6 7. 8 5. 9 8. 9 6. 3 7. 0 9. 2 12. 5 9. 0 9. 2 8. 8 10. 7 15. 17. 2 17. 2 10. 0 Note. n/a (not appropriate) demonstrates that no issue was distributed in the speci? c diary in the objective year; aggregates show the entirety of all assistance activities articles in the prominent year/diary; administration % demonstrates the portrayal of administration articles in contrast with the complete number of articles distributed. 782 Figure 1 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 â€790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society Distribution of Service Articles over the Investigation Period 70 Number of Service Articles 60 50 40 30 20 10 2001 2004 1990 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 1994 1999 1991 1992 1996 1997 Year who contributed the most articles on SOM in the ? ve diaries. We led a similar investigation by establishment, and it brought about 343 associations showing up in the example. Columbia University contributed the most articles, with a score of 16. 17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Pennsylvania followed with efficiency scores more prominent than 12. Table 3 records the rest of the 26 most gainful organizations. Albeit unmistakably subordinate upon the j

Testing For Efficiency Of Foreign Exchange Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

A capital market is said to be efficient if prices in the market fully reflect available information. When this condition is satisfied, market participants cannot earn economic profits (i.e. unusual, or risk adjusted profits) on the basis of available information. This classic definition, which was developed formally by Fama (1970), applies to the foreign exchange market as well as to other asset markets. As stated, the definition is too general to be tested empirically. The term fully reflect implies the existence of an equilibrium model, which might be stated either in terms of equilibrium prices or equilibrium expected returns. In an efficient market, we would expect to have actual prices conform to their equilibrium values, and actual returns conform to their equilibrium expected values. Foreign Market Efficiency The exchange rate between domestic and foreign currency is a major economic policy variable. Therefore, the efficiency or otherwise of a foreign exchange market is very important for policy makers of any country. An efficient foreign exchange market indicates that a government cannot influence the movement of exchange rates as the exchange rates are not predictable. The government can make informed decisions on exchange rates, take actions to reduce exchange rate volatility and evaluate the consequences of various economic policies for exchange rates. Participants in the foreign exchange market can devise various trading rules or techniques to make abnormal profits from transactions in the foreign exchange market. However, they should consider the costs involved in such activities to determine their profitability. Future researchers can corroborate the results of this study by employing other econometric techniques such as asymmetric and nonlinear models and high-frequency data. About a generation ago the Efficient Market Hypothesis was widely accepted by the financial economists to be the prevalent norm. It was the general belief that securities markets were extremely efficient in the sense that they were able to absorb information very quickly which was reflected immediately. This meant that investors cannot benefit either from the technical analysis. Previous studies have suggested an increase in correlation among the worlds FX markets as many developing countries have introduced capital account convertibility. The idea that the expected risk-adjusted excess return on foreign exchange is zero implies a sensible statement of the efficient markets hypothesis in the foreign exchange context: Exchange rates reflect information to the point where the potential excess returns do not exceed the transactions costs of acting (trading) on that information. In other words, you cant profit in asset markets (like the foreign exchange market) by trading on publicl y available information. This description of the efficient markets hypothesis appears to be a restatement of the first principle of technical analysis: Market action (price and transactions volume) discounts all information about the assets value. There is, however, a subtle but important distinction between the efficient markets hypothesis and technical analysis: The efficient markets hypothesis posits that the current exchange rate adjusts to all information to prevent traders from reaping excess returns, while technical analysis holds that current and past price movements contain just the information needed to allow profitable trading. What does this version of the efficient markets hypothesis imply for technical analysis? Under the efficient markets hypothesis, only current interest rates and risk factors help predict exchange rate changes, so past exchange rates are of no help in forecasting excess foreign exchange returns-i.e., if the hypothesis holds, technical analysis will not work. How do prices move in the hypothetical efficient market? In an efficient market, profit seekers trade in a way that causes prices to move instantly in response to new information, because any information that makes an asset appear likely to become more valuable in the future causes an immediate price rise today. If prices do move instantly in response to all new information, past information, like prices, does not help anyone make money. If there were a way to make money with little risk from past prices, speculators would employ it until they bid away the money to be made. For example, if the price of an asset rose 10 percent every Wednesday, speculators would buy strongly on Tuesday, driving prices past the point where anyone would think they could rise much further, and so a fall would be likely. This situation could not lead to a predictable pattern of rises on Tuesday, though, because speculators would buy on Monday. Any pattern in prices would be quickly bid away by market participants seeking profits. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that markets often do work this way. Moorthy (1995) finds that foreign exchange rates react very quickly and efficiently to news of changes in U.S. employment figures, for example. Because the efficient markets hypothesis is frequently misinterpreted, it is important to clarify what the idea does not mean. It does not mean that asset prices are unrelated to economic fundamentals. Asset prices may be based on fundamentals like the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar or German mark. Similarly, the hypothesis does not mean that an asset price fluctuates randomly around its intrinsic (fundamental) value. If this were the case, a trader could make money by buying the asset when the price was relatively low and selling it when it was relatively high. Rather, efficient markets means that at any point in time, asset prices represent the markets best guess, based on all currently available information, as to the fundamental value of the asset. Future price changes, adjusted for risk, will be close to unpredictable. Believers in efficient markets point out those completely random price changes-like those generated by flipping a coin-will produce price series that seem to have trends. Under efficient markets, however, traders cannot exploit those trends to make money, since the trends occur by chance and are as likely to reverse as to continue at any point. Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) identified a major theoretical problem with the hypothesis termed the paradox of efficient markets, which they developed in the context of equity markets. As applied to the foreign exchange market, the argument starts by noting that exchange rate returns are determined by fundamentals like national price levels, interest rates, and public debt levels, and that information about these variables is costly for traders to gather and analyze. The traders must be able to make some excess returns by trading on this analysis, or they will not do it. But if markets were perfectly efficient, the traders would not be able to make excess returns on any available information. Therefore, markets cannot be perfectly efficient in the sense of exchange rates always being exactly where fundamentals suggest they should be. Of course, one resolution to this paradox is to recognize that market analysts can recover the costs of some fundamental research by profiting from having marginally better information than the rest of the market on where the exchange rate should be. In this case, the exchange rate remains close enough to its fundamental value to prevent less informed people from profiting from the difference. Partly for these reasons, Campbell, Lo, and MacKinlay(1997) suggest that the debate about perfect efficiency is pointless and that it is more sensible to evaluate the degree of inefficiency than to test for absolute efficiency. Need For Conducting This Study- The miserable empirical performance of standard exchange rate models is another reason to suspect the failure of the efficient markets hypothesis. In an important paper, Meese and Rogoff (1983) persuasively showed that no existing exchange rate model could forecast exchange rate changes better than a no-change guess at forecast horizons of up to one year. This was true even when the exchange rate models were given true values of future fundamentals like output and money. Although Mark (1995) and others have demonstrated some forecasting ability for these models at forecasting horizons greater than three years, no one has been able to convincingly overturn the Meese and Rogoff (1983) result despite 14 years of research. The efficient markets hypothesis is frequently misinterpreted as implying that exchange rate changes should be unpredictable; that is, exchange rates should follow a random walk. This is incorrect. There is, however, convincing evidence that interest rates are not go od forecasters of exchange rate changes. According to Frankel (1996), this failure of exchange rate forecasting leaves two possibilities: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Fundamentals are not observed well enough to allow forecasting of exchange rates. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Exchange rates are detached from fundamentals by (possibly irrational) swings in expectations about future values of the exchange rate. These fluctuations in exchange rates are known as bubbles. Which of these possibilities is more likely? One clue is given by the relationship between exchange rates and fundamentals when expectations about the value of the exchange rate are very stable, as they are under a fixed exchange rate regime. A fixed exchange rate regime is a situation in which a government is committed to maintaining the value of its currency by manipulating monetary policy and trading foreign exchange reserves. Fixed exchange rate regimes are contrasted to floating regimes, in which the government has no such obligation. For example, most countries in the European Union had a type of fixed exchange rate regime, known as a target zone, from 1979 through the early 1990s. Fixed exchange rates anchor investor sentiment about the future value of a currency because of the governments commitment to stabilize its value. If fundamentals, like goods prices, or expectations based on fundamentals, rather than irrationally changing expectations, drive the exchange rate, the relationship between fundamentals and exchange rates should be the same under a fixed exchange rate regime as it is under a floating regime. This is not the case. Countries that move from floating exchange rates to fixed exchange rates experience a dramatic change in the relationship between prices and exchange rates. Specifically, real exchange rates (exchange rates adjusted for inflation in both countries) are much more volatile under floating exchange rate regimes, where expectations are not tied down by promises of government intervention. The above figure illustrates a very typical case: When Germany and the United States ceased to fix their currencies in March 1973, the variability in the real $/DM exchange rate increased dramatically. This result suggests that, contrary to the efficient markets hypothesis, swings in investor expectations may detach exchange rates from fundamental values in the short run. LITERATURE REVIEW- 1 Almeida, Alvaro, Charles Goodhart Richard Payne (1998), The Effects of Macroeconomic News on High Frequency Exchange Rate Behaviour, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 33, no. 3 (September), pp. 383-408; revised version of LSE Financial Markets Group Discussion Paper, no. 258(February 1997) This paper studies the high frequency reaction of the DEM/USD exchange rate to publicly announced macroeconomic information emanating from Germany and the U.S. The news content of each announcement is extracted using a set of market expectation figures supplied by MMS International. By using data sampled at a high (5 minute) frequency we are able to identify systematic impacts of most announcements on the exchange rate change in the 15 minutes post-announcement. The impacts of news on the exchange rate, however, can be seen to lose significance very quickly when the observation horizon for the exchange rate is increased, so that for most announcements there is little effect of news on the exchange rate change by the end of the three hours immediately after release. Both the responses to U.S. and German news are broadly consistent with a monetary authority reaction function hypothesis, i.e., the market expects the Fed or the Bundesbank to respond to news on increased real activity, for example, by raising short term interest rates in order to head off the possibility of future inflation. Further, the use of German data allows us to examine two questions the previous literature could not tackle, because, unlike U.S. announcements, German announcements are not scheduled. First, we show that the time-pattern of the reaction of the exchange rate to the U.S. scheduled announcements is different from the reaction to the German non-scheduled announcements, the former being much quicker. Second, we are able to examine the effect on the exchange rate change of the proximity of other events to the announcement. Results show that German news is most influential when released just prior to a Bundesbank council meeting. Finally, subsidiary results demonstrate the efficiency of the intra-day FX market with respect to these announcements and map the pattern of volatility these releases cause. 2 Andersen, Arrogant Torben Tim Bollerslev (1997b), Heterogeneous Information Arrivals and Return Volatility Dynamics: Uncovering the Long-Run in High Frequency Returns, Journal of Finance, vol. 52, no. 3 (July), pp. 975-1005; revised version of NBER Working Paper, no. 5752 (September 1996)- Recent empirical evidence suggests that the long-run dependence in financial market volatility is best characterized by a slowly mean-reverting fractionally integrated process. At the same time, much shorter-lived volatility dependencies are typically observed with high-frequency intradaily returns. This paper draws on the information arrival, or mixture-of-distributions hypothesis interpretation of the latent volatility process in rationalizing this behaviour. By interpreting the overall volatility as the manifestation of numerous heterogeneous information arrivals, sudden bursts of volatility typically will have both short-run and long-run components. Over intradaily frequencies, the short-run decay stands out most clearly, while the impact of the highly persistent processes will be dominant over longer horizons. These ideas are confirmed by the empirical analysis of a one-year time series of intradaily five-minute Deutschemark- U.S. Dollar returns. Whereas traditional time serie s based measures for the temporal dependencies in the absolute returns give rise to very conflicting results across different intradaily sampling frequencies, the corresponding semi parametric estimates for the order of fractional integration remain remarkably stable. Similarly, the autocorrelogram for the low-pass filtered absolute returns, obtained by annihilating periods in excess of one day, exhibit a striking hyperbolic rate of decay. 3 Baestaens, Dirk-Emma, Willem Max van den Bergh H. Vaudrey (1995), The Marginal Contribution of News to the DEM/USD Swap Rate, Proceedings of the First International Conference on High Frequency Data in Finance, 29-31 March, Olsen Associates, Zà ¼rich, vol. 3- This paper attempts to estimate the return on the DM/USD money market swap rate by both a linear regression and nonlinear neural network model. Since all variables strongly exhibited an hour of the (statistical) week effect both within- and out-of-sample, variables have been adjusted to remove this effect. The residual return pattern then is mainly driven by strongly negative autocorrelated lagged returns as well as by the impact effect of Reuters Money Market Headline news flashes. This effect has been measured by pairing standardised news sentences to successive return patterns in the train set and applying this information to predict the residual return out-of-sample. Some news flashes systematically generate positive (negative) residual returns. The set of 51,000 standardised news sentences established during the first six months accounted for most news flashes occurring during the second half of the dataset. News flashes therefore display a sufficiently systematic pattern to b e useful for prediction. The neural network model outperforms the regression model on the basis of the standard mean squared error again highlighting the fact that nonlinear modelling appears to be the most promising avenue to deal with this high-frequency dataset. TARGET AREA AND DATA SOURCE- A major European economy (with Germany under consideration- if data is taken in the pre-Euro period or U.K.- if data is taken in the post-Euro period). The reason for choosing an European Economy is the relative stability with respect to their foreign exchange markets as in comparison to the U.S or Latin American Economies. Data Source and Frequency- Yet to be determined based on availability and suitability of data. METHODOLOGY:- This study is aimed at testing the weak and semi-strong form efficiency of the forex market in the target economy. Weak-form efficiency is examined using unit-root tests while semi-strong form efficiency is tested using co-integration and Granger causality tests and finally using variance versions in the form decomposition analysis while testing for technical efficiency The traditional testing efficiency equations are reviewed and a model is developed that incorporates Bayesian revisions in the form of devaluation expectations. A number of propositions regarding the pattern of the coefficients in efficiency testing equations are established. The results are confirmed by empirical estimation of the model for the forex market. Another mode of estimation is investigation of the relative market efficiency in financial market data, using the approximate entropy method(ApEn) method for a qualification of randomness in time series. For that we can use data for multiple time periods of two nations to the test the relative market efficiencies during crisis periods. A major bone of contention is to model the return series while testing for efficiency base on the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Based on the returns data we can conduct either a macro-econometric study (when we take the countrys trade balance as returns data) or a micro level one when we conduct a study on a particular firm engaged in the forex business. This will be determined at later stages depending on the availability as well as suitability of data. Efficient Market Hypothesis Testing In this note we re-examine the foreign exchange market efficiency hypothesis, which is a hotly debated topic in the area of international finance. It is basically the theory of informationally efficient markets applied to the foreign exchange arena. The present literature is far from conclusive and inconsistencies abound. With the genesis of the concept of nonstationarity and cointegration came a new approach to testing market efficiency. A multitude of procedures are available, but the standard methodology has been to examine the forward market unbiasedness hypothesis, which tests whether forward rates are unbiased and efficient estimators of the future spot rate. Acceptance of this hypothesis implies that the spot and forward foreign exchange rates have a tendency to move together over time, i.e., they are cointegrated in the Engle-Granger (EG 1987) sense. The estimated model is St+k = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²-ft,k+ µt+k -1 Where, st+k is the natural log of the future spot exchange rate k periods ahead, ft,k is the natural log of the k period ahead forward foreign exchange rate. If st+k and ft,k are I(1), i.e., nonstationary and integrated of order 1, then the necessary (weak form) and sufficient (strong form) condition for unbiasedness/market efficiency is the existence of a vector (a, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²) such that the residual series  µt+k is stationary and (a,ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² ) = (0,1). Stationarity of the residuals from the estimation of equation (1) would indicate that the spot and forward rates are cointegrated. This is what we refer to as weak form efficiency. In addition to this, if the parameter restriction of (a,ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²)= (0,1) holds, then the forward rate can be called an unbiased and efficient predictor of the future spot rate, and we refer to this condition as strong form efficiency. EG propose a two-stage process in which we first estimate equation (1) by ordinary least squares (OLS) and then exam ine the stationarity of the residual vector  µt+k. The problem is that the nonstationarity of the variables under consideration precludes an examination of the parameter restriction (a,ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²) = (0,1). Phillips-Hansen (PH 1990) propose a fully modified (FM-OLS) method which corrects for both the long run endogeneity in the data and the asymptotic bias in the coefficient estimates, i.e., it can test for the parameter restrictions without imposing them. The weakness of this procedure is the assumption of no cointegration in the residual vector, a process which has low power against stable autoregressive alternatives with near unit roots. This is due to the fact that classical tests of unit roots in the residuals of the cointegrating regression (two variables will be cointegrated only if the residuals of the cointegrating regression are stationary) have a tendency to accept the null hypothesis of unit roots in the residual series (no cointegration) unless there is strong evidence against it. Thus, even if the root is close to unity (but not exactly equal to one), classical tests will still indicate the presence of unit roots in the residual series. CONCLUSION- Technical analysis is the most widely used trading strategy in the foreign exchange market. Traders stake large positions on their interpretations of patterns in the data. Economists have traditionally rejected the claims of Rational Expectations based on technical analysts because of the appealing logic of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. More recently, however, the discovery of profitable technical trading rules and other evidence against efficient markets have led to a rethinking about the importance of institutional features that might justify extrapolative technical analysis such as private information, sequential trading, and central bank intervention, as well as the role of risk. The weight of the evidence now suggests that excess returns have been available to technical foreign exchange traders over long periods. Risk is hard to define and measure, however, and this difficulty has obscured the degree of inefficiency in the foreign exchange market. There is no guarantee, of course, that technical rules will continue to generate excess returns in the future; the excess returns may be bid away by market participants. Indeed, this may already be occurring. Continued research on high-frequency transactions data or experimental work on expectations formation may provide a better understanding of market behaviour. The Study will answer the question of whether the efficient market hypothesis is effectively applicable to the foreign exchange market.

Analysis Of Patricia Smith s Poem The Undertaker

Use of Social Commentary in Patricia Smith’s Poem â€Å"The Undertaker† In Patricia Smith’s poem â€Å"The Undertaker,† she makes use of social commentary by using imagery and other literary devices to appeal to the reader. This poem was created to help society realize that there is a much needed change with young men who lives are constantly ending due to gang violence. The poem focuses on an undertaker who specializes in recreating the natural state of dead bodies, ones that have been mutilated. The undertaker specializes in this recreation for a specific group of young men, â€Å"gang members†. The poem opens up explaining how when a gunshot enters the brain, the head explodes. The poem starts off catching the reader’s attention, because as a reader that is something no human wants to ever imagine happening to anybody or their selves. Smith states in lines 2-4, â€Å"I can think of no softer warning for the mothers who sit doubled before the desk, knotting their smooth brown hands, and begging, fix my bo x, fix my boy†(Smith 292).(what is the warning he is referring to?). Reiterating that there is nothing that could be done or said to help these mothers. The mother in this poem is begging â€Å"fix my boy†, wanting the undertaker to make a miracle. She shows the undertaker a picture, but it’s not the same person the undertaker sees laying inside the body bag. Patricia is illustrating a problem, young men being shot, grieving mothers,

Tragic Hero in Othelo by William Shakespeare - 996 Words

Conventions of Othello Shakespeare has been a part of the American Society for many years. Compared to other Authors, he has a different style of writing but within his own writings, they are all very much alike. He has written many plays including Othello and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare was a man who wrote plays that followed the same literary conventions. These conventions included tragic hero, fallacy, irony, and also suspense. A tragic hero is a male figure who is high in society and one who always has a tragic flaw. Most of them are rich and intelligent men. In the story of Othello, Othello is the tragic hero. He was a character of nobility. He was a high in class and had high standards. He was also the focal point of society.†¦show more content†¦Suspense in the story is something that makes us worry, or become questionable. There are two different types of suspense; Intellectual and emotional. At the end of Othello, the suspense level is high. The audience wants to know what is going to happen next and who it is going to happen to. Most people want to know if Iago’s plan will follow through. After all the tricks and schemes, someone, at least Othello, should recognize that Iago is being a manipulator and a liar. With that being said, while Iago was being manipulative he convinced Othello that Desdemona cheated on him and as a result he wanted her dead. In Romeo and Juliet you don’t know what to expect next. The audience wonders will Juliet marry someone else since she cannot be married to Romeo. The audience also wonders will Romeo really kill himself because he thinks that Juliet is dead. Many people today don’t realize how many literary conventions Shakespeare has included in his plays. He has included fallacy, tragic hero, irony and also suspense. Becoming familiar with these conventions will help one understand the play more. Mostly all of Shakespeare’s plays included the same literary devices. His plays left you begging to know more and how everything will turn out. Work cited: Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. Gerald F. Else. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1967. Dorsch, T. R., trans. and ed. Aristotle Horace

Professional Issue

Questions: A. Does this action violate property rights? B. Who is effected by Joes actions? C. Explain how they are effected? D. If you were in Joes position what would you do? E.Conduct research and explain how we could ascertain information on a website is authentic. Answers: A.No Joe does not violate any intellectual property rights because IP rights give three types of protection in Australia for computer programs that is copyright, patent and circuit layout [1]. Copyright copyright give protection for the code of the computer program, and protect the code from being copied. Patent- patent gives protect to that way through which the program makes computer work. Circuit layout rights- this gives protection to the design and layouts of the electronic circuit. In the present case Joe does not copy any code, way or design. Therefore he does not violate any IP rights [2]. B.Other students and his instructor are affected by the actions of Joe. Joe changes the time limit of his assignment and increases that limit which is not an ethical conduct. Conduct of Joe is not only unethical but its also against the rules. C.Students are affected because it is unfair with them that Joe gets extra time to complete its assignment, and it also affect the grades of Joe because due to more time limit Joe is able to complete his project in better way which is considered as cheating. In case of instructor Joe illegally operate the master account and increase the time limits of his project which results in breaking of rules. D.in case, if I am in Joe position I will never increase the time limit of the project, and try to complete my project within given time frame. What Joe did is not an ethical conduct. E.following are the ways through which we can ascertain whether information present on website is accurate or not: Accuracy- to determine the relevancy of information on website it is important to find who is operating the website. Such as websites operated by government agencies, universities, professional association, publisher, etc contains authentic information. Authority- for determining the authority of the website, it is important to check the information mention on the page about the author and any information related to other person who also contributes on the site. An authentic website always contains information related to contact of author. Objectivity- to determine the accuracy of website it is important to check whether the information is contributed by the same person or organization, and then check there is any reference for the content of information. Currency- it is important to check when the page was updated at last time, and also check whether website has any broken links. These things are the indications of an abandoned page. It is also important to check the number of new links appear on the website [3]. Coverage- to check whether website has covered complete information and compares the information on the other website also. Also compare the information mention on the website with books, journals, report etc. References- we can check the references present on the website for the information they provided [4]. Therefore after following the above steps we can check the accuracy of any website, and also information available on the internet sources. References: IP Australia. Patents for computer-related inventions. Available FTP: https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/understanding-patents/types-patents/what-can-be-patented/patents-computer-related. IP Australia. Types of IP. Available FTP: https://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/understanding-ip/getting-started-with-ip/types-of-ip. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Library and Documentation Centre. Available FTP: https://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/1420.php. Milstin Undergraduate Liabrary. Evaluating Online Sources. Available FTP: https://library.columbia.edu/locations/undergraduate/evaluating_web.html.

Lab Report Essay Example

Lab Report Essay LAB REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 3 COPPER CYCLE OLANREWAJU OYINDAMOLA Abstract This experiment is based on copper, to synthesize some copper compound using Copper (II) nitrate solution to obtain copper metal at the end. Changes of copper complexes when various are added and filtering out the precipitate by using Buchner funnel for vacuum filtration. The experiment started with preparation of copper (II) hydroxide and addition of copper oxide then addition of droplets of chloride complex. Then the addition of ammonium complex and the preparation of copper metal. And the vacuum filtration takes place. Introduction Copper is a reddish-orange metal that is used widely in the electronics industry due to its properties of high ductility and conductivity. Results Reagents| Appearance| Volume (or Mass)| Concentration (or Molar Mass)| Cu(NO3)2 (aq)| Light blue solution| 10 ml| 0. 10 M| NaOH (aq)| Clear solution| 20 ml | 2 M| HCl (aq)| Clear solution| 20 drops| 6 M | NH3 (aq)| Clear solution| 7 drops| 6 M| H2SO4 (aq)| Clear solution| 15 ml | 1. M| Zn dust| Silvery substance| 0. 15 g| | ethanol| Clear solution| 5 ml | | Volume of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 10 ml Concentration of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 0. 10 M Convert ml to l: 10 / 1000 = 0. 010 liters Using the formulae: concentration = moles / volume 0. 10=moles/0. 010 Moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 001 moles Mass of empty bottle = 6. 00grams Mass of empty bottle +copper metal =6. 05grams Mass of copper metal recovered after the experiment = 0. 050 grams Finding moles of copper: Moles = mass/ Mr = 0. 050 / 63. 55 =0. 00079 moles Volume of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 10 ml We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Concentration of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) : 0. 10 M Convert ml to l: 10 / 1000 = 0. 010 liters Using the formulae: concentration = moles / volume 0. 10=moles/0. 010 Moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 001 moles Mass of empty bottle = 42. 53grams Mass of empty bottle +copper metal =42. 58grams Mass of copper metal recovered after the experiment = 0. 050 grams Finding moles of copper: Moles = mass/ Mr = 0. 05/ 63. 55 =0. 0008 moles Since we have got moles of copper metal and copper nitrate solution we can find the percentage yield of the copper metal obtained from the experiment. yield = actual value / theoretical value * 100% =moles of copper metal obtained/ moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 0008/0. 001 * 100% =80% Thus the percentage yield of the copper obtained was 80 %. Addition of NaoH solution to Cu (NO3)2 gave a dark blue solution. After boiling the Solution gotten above, I sieved out the water and had CuO(s) left in the Beaker. The addition of HCl (drop wise) to CuO gave a yellowish green solution. When NH4OH solution was added it gave a yellowish green solution. I added 15ml of 1. m H2SO4 to yellowish green solution co I suspect the copper complex to be [Cu (H2O) 6]2+, since it gave a blue-green solution. When zinc dust was added to The solution a shiny reddish brown metal was formed. Discussion It is observed that copper was conserved throughout the experiment. And despite The conservation of copper in the reaction, the percentage recovery of copper is less than 100%. i had 80% of copper recovered from Cu (NO3)2. After pouring out the supernatant some CuO clung to the wall of the beaker. Therefore, the HCl did not dissolve all of the CuO. This unreacted CuO causes a decrease in the mass of Cu recovered. Also, I forgot to scrunch the copper formed before drying. The clumps of copper might contain some water which increases its mass when weighed. It is necessary to synthesize the various compounds one after the other in order to recover copper metal because, it is not possible to get copper metal because it is not possible to get copper directly from Cu (NO3)2. all these phases are needed to be passed through. When zinc is added a zinc hexaquo complex is formed from the bonding of Zn2+ with six molecules of water. The addition of H2SO4 causes the Cu2+ from Cu(OH)2 to combine with water molecules to form [Cu(H2O)6]2+. The Cu(OH)2 is gotten from reaction of CuCl2 with NH3. The percent yield depends on whether certain reactions were completed or not. my percent yield 80% is affected by incomplete reaction of CuO with HCl. During the decomposition of Cu (OH) 2, some Cu might have been lost in heat form. Also when transferring the copper from the Buchner funnels into the weighing bottle, some copper metal were stuck to the funnel. This would also decrease the percent yield of copper gotten. Conclusion Given the concentration of Cu (NO3)2 and volume as 10. 0ml, the percent recovery of copper gotten from synthesis of copper compounds is 80%. References Cotton Albert; Wilkinson ,Geoffrey ;murillo,carlos;bochmann,Manfred. advanced inorganic chemistry,6th Ed; John Wiley and sons ltd:Canada,pp868-869 Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Essay Determining the Acceleration Due to Gravity with a Simple Pendulum Quintin T. Nethercott and M. Evelynn Walton Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, UT, USA (Dated: March 6, 2013) Using a simple pendulum the acceleration due to gravity in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA was found to be (9. 8 +/- . 1) m/s2 . The model was constructed with the square of the period of oscillations in the small angle approximation being proportional to the length of the pendulum. The model was supported by the data using a linear ? t with chi-squared value: 0. 7429 and an r-square value: 0. 99988. This experimental value for gravity agrees well with and is within one standard deviation of the accepted value for this location. I. INTRODUCTION The study of the motion of the simple pendulum provided valuable insights into the gravitational force acting on the students at the University of Utah. The experiment was of value since the gravitational force is one all people continuously exp erience and the collection and analysis of data proved to be a rewarding learning experience in error analysis. Furthermore, this experiment tested a mathematical model for the value of gravity that that makes use of the small-angle approximation and the proportional relationship between the square of the period of oscillations to the length of the pendulum. Sources of error for this procedure included precision in both length and time measurement tools, reaction time of the stopwatch holder, and the accuracy of the stopwatch with respect to the lab atomic clock. The ? nal result of g takes into account the correction for the error introduced using the approximation. There are opportunities to correct for the e? cts of mass distribution, air buoyancy and damping, and string stretching[1]. Our results do not take these e? ects into account at this time. A. Theoretical Introduction The general form of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation can be used to ? nd the force between any two bodies. FG = ? G mME ? 2 r RE (1) 2 On earth this equation can be simpli? ed to F = ? mg? with the value r GME 2 RE taken to be the constant g. The value of gravity in Salt Lake City (elev. 1320 m) according to this model is: 9. 81792 m/s2 [3][4][5]. The simple pendulum provides a way to repeatedly measure the value of g. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The equation of motion from the free body diagram in Figure 1[2]: FIG. 1: Free body diagram of simple pendulum motion[2]. F = ma = mgsin? can be written in di? erential form ? g ?=0 L The solution to this di? erential equation relies on the small angle approximation sin? ?: (2) (3) ? for small ?(t) = ? 0 cos( g ) L (4) 3 The Taylor expansion ?(t) ?o [1 ? gt2 g 2 t2 ] + 2L 4! L2 (5) allows us to take the ? dependence out of the equation of motion. Taking the second derivative of the approximation gives the following: g ? ? = 0 L (6) 0 g g g g + ? = 0 =? ?0 = ? L L L L g L, (7) 4? 2 T2 ? We know from the ? rst derivative ? = ? so it follows that since ? 2 = = g L ?0 . g 4? 2 =? 2 L T (8) From the initial conditions it is also clear that the initial amplitude ? is equal to ? 0 and so the linear relationship between length L and period T 2 can be expressed as T2 = . 4? 2 L g (9) Using the small angle approximation introduces a small systematic error in the period of oscillation, T. Fo r instance the maximum amplitude angle ? for a 1 percent error is . 398 radians or 22. 8 degrees; to reduce the error to 0. 1 percent the angle must be reduced to . 126 radians or 7. 2 degrees. This experiment used an angle of about 10 degrees and that introduced an error of 0. percent. The calculations for the systematic error are found in the Appendix. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A. Setup As seen in Figure 2, the pendulum apparatus was set up using a round metal bob with a hook attached to a string. The string passed through a hole in an aluminum bar, which was attached to 4 the wall. The length of the string could be adjusted, and the precise point of oscillation was ? xed by a screw, which also connected a protractor to the aluminum bar. FIG. 2: Experiment setup. Length measurements for the pendulum were taken using a meter stick and caliper. The caliper was used to measure the diameter of the bob, having an uncertainty of 0. 01cm. The total length was measured by holding the meter stick up against the aluminum bar, and measuring from the pivot point to the bottom of the bob. The bottom was determined by holding a ruler horizontally against the bottom of the bob. The meter stick measurements had an uncertainty of 0. 2cm. Time measurements were made using a stopwatch. For measuring the ? rst swing the starting time was determined by holding the bob in one hand and the stopwatch in the other and simultaneously releasing the bob and pushing Start. The stopping point, and starting point for the second oscillation, was determined by watching the bob and pushing Stop/Start when the bob appeared to reach the top of the swing and stop. The precision of the stopwatch was compared with an atomic clock by measuring several one second intervals. The precision of the time measurements were also a? ected by reaction time and perception of starting and stopping points of the person taking the measurements. Time measurements were taken by the same person to keep the uncertainty in reaction time consistent. 5 B. Procedure To determine which measurements weremost reliable, data was taken for the period of the ? rst oscillation, second oscillation, and twenty oscillations (omitting the ? rst) at a set length of 20. 098 cm. The length was then adjusted to 65. 5647 cm, and the same measurements were taken. To see the limits of the small angle approximation measurements of 20 oscillations (omitting the ? rst) at a ? xed length of 60. 1605 cm were taken by beginning the swing at angles of 5, 10, 20, and 40 degrees. Measurements were then taken for 20 oscillations (omitting the ? rst) for lengths of 20. 098, 26. 898, 32. 898, 60. 1605, 65. 6467, 74. 648, 89. 848, 104. 548, 116. 498, and 129. 898 cm at a starting angle of about 10 degrees. III. RESULTS The result for g obtained from both measured values of L and T 2 from equation 9 as well as from the slope in the Linear Fit model (Figure 4) agree very well with accepted results for g. The precision could be improved by corrections for e? ects of mass distrib ution, air buoyancy and damping, and string stretching[1]. TABLE I: Period measurements at di? erent Angles Degrees 3 5 10 20 40 Average Period of 20 Oscillations 31. 18333 31. 24833 31. 266 31. 50833 32. 06667 Average Period of Oscillation 1. 559167 1. 62417 1. 5633 1. 575417 1. 60333 IV. DISCUSSION By measuring 20 oscillations the average period is determined by dividing by 20 and this helps reduce the error since the error propagation will provide an uncertainty in the period that is the uncertainty in the time measurement divided bytwenty. From Table 1 and Figure 3 the limits of the small angle approximation are shown. Between 10 and 20 degrees the theoretical model begins to breakdown and the measured period deviates from the theoretical value. Measurements taken at less than 10 degrees will be more accurate for the small angle approximation model that was used. Two methods were used to calculate a value of g from the data. The ? rst method used to calculate a value of g from the measurements taken is making the calculation from each of the 6 1. 62 1. 60 T (sec) 1. 58 1. 56 1. 54 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Angle (degrees) FIG. 3: Period dependence on angle as ? increases from 3-40 degrees. Equation W eight Residual Sum of Squares y = a + b*x Instrumental 0. 77429 Value Intercept T^2 Slope 0. 01559 4. 01435 Standard Error 0. 03001 0. 04913 T 2 (sec ) 2 Length (m) FIG. 4: Linear Fit graph with error bars in T 2 . The slope of this line was used to calculate g. en di? erent lengths, using the measurements shown inTable 7 of 20 oscillations at the di? erent lengths, and taking the average. The calculated average g was (9. 7 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 . The second method used was applying a linear least squares ? t to the values of length and the 7 accompanying T 2 . Figure 4 shows this method and gives the values for the ? t parameters. The value of g is determined by using the slope of the line and gave a value of g to be (9. 8 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 . Figure 5 shows that data has a random pattern and all of the error bars go through zero, which means that the data is a good ? for a linear model. 0. 10 0. 05 Residual T 2 0. 00 -0. 05 -0. 10 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 Independent Variable FIG. 5: Random pattern of Residual T 2 . As discussed in the theoretical introduction, a value of g 9. 81792 m/s2 can be calculated using G, ME , and RE . The value of g varies depending on location due to several factors including the non-sphericity of the earth, and varying density. A more accurate value of g in Salt Lake City, Utah can be calculated by taking into account these e? ects. The National Geodetic Survey website, which interpolates the value of g at a speci? latitude, longitude and elevation from observed gravity data in the National Geodetic Survey’s Integrated Data Base, was used to determine an accepted value of g for Sal t Lake City, Utah, for which to compare the calculated results[7][8][6]. The accepted value for g in Salt Lake City, Utah is (9. 79787 + / ? 0. 00002) m/s2 . Comparing the two methods used to calculate g shows that the least squares linear ? t provided a value of g that is closer to the theoretical[3][4][5] and accepted[7][8][6] values of g. The calculation of g supports the small angle approximation model that was used. The linear relationship to length and period squared provided by the approximation gave a way of employing a least squares linear ? t to the data to determine a value of g. Since the calculated value was 8 within one standard deviation from the theoretical value, the model was supported. V. CONCLUSION The small angle approximation model, which gives g as being proportional to T 2 and L, was supported by the data taken using a simple pendulum. The residual of the data showed that it was a good ? t for a linear model, and the least squares linear ? t of the data had ? t parameters of chi-squared: 0. 7429 and an r-square value: 0. 99988. The value of g taken from the slope of the least squares linear ? t provided a value of g: (9. 8 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 , which is within one standard deviation of the accepted value of gravity in Salt Lake City: 9. 79787 m/s2 [6]. The experiment was a good way of testing the small angle approximation because the period measured using di? erent starting angle s was consistent for angles less than 10 degrees. Using the small angle approximation the relationship between period squared and length was linear so a least squares linear ? t could be utilized to calculate g. The value of g calulated using the least squares linear ? t could then be compared to the accepted value of g for the location, thus verifying the model that was employed. [1] R. A. Nelson, M. G. Olsson, Am. J. Phys. 54, 112 (1986). [2] A. G. Dall’As? n, Undergraduate Lab Lectures, University of Utah,(2013). e [3] B. N. Taylor,The NIST Reference,physics. nist. gov/cuu/Reference/Value? bg,(2013). [4] D. R. Williams, Earth Fact Sheet, nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact. html, (2013). [5] Salt Lake Tourism Center, http://www. slctravel. com/welcom. htm, (2013). [6] National Geodetic Survey,www. gs. noaa. gov/cgi-bin/grav-pdx. prl, (2013). [7] Moose, R. E. , The National Geodetic Survey Gravity Network, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NOS 121 NGS 39, 1986. [8] Morelli, C. : The International Gravity Standardization Net 1971, Internation al Association of Geodesy, Special Publication 4, 1971. 9 VI. A. APPENDIX A Error Analysis B. Time The sources of error introduced in this experiment came from the tools we used to measure length: calipers for the bob and a meter stick for the string length as well as the stop watch used to time each period of oscillation. Measuring the period had several sources of error including precision, the atomic clock benchmark, the reaction time of the experimentor, and the statistical error which was the standard deviation from the measurements taken. On the whole, the relative error in T was greater so that was the error used in the linear ? t analysis. ?T = 1 20 (? Treaction )2 + (? Tatomic )2 + (? Tprecision )2 + (? Tstatistical )2 (10) Equation 10 also takes into account the error propagation in taking the time period for twenty oscillations. This ? T is the random error; to account for the systematic error introduced by using the small angle approximation the complete solution for the period of oscillation is as follows [2]: 1 ? max 9 ? max T (? max ) = T0 + T0 [ sin2 ( ) + sin4 ( )] 4 2 64 2 (11) To ? nd the percent error introduced by the angle used in the experiment the solution in equation 11 was rearranged to give: T (? max ) ? To 1 ? max 9 ? max = sin2 ( ) + sin4 ( ) T0 4 2 64 2 (12) The angle used in this experiment was 10 degrees. Plugging that value into the right side of equation twelve gives a value of . 002967. It follows that T0 = T (? max ) 1. 002967 (13) Each of our measured values of T was corrected by this factor. To get the error for T 2 : ? T 2 = T ? T The results are found in Table 7. These values were plotted in ? gures 4 and 5. (14) 10 C. Gravity The errors in the calculations for g were determined di? erently for the two methods. The uncertainty in the least square ? t was calculated from the slope and uncertainty of the slope (see Figure 4). ?g = The calculations of g from L and T 2 used: ? g = g ( These values are found in Table 8. 4? 2 ? m m2 (15) ?L 2 ? T 2 2 ) + (2 ) L T (16) Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper If the room temperature for this experiment had been lower, the length of he resonating air column would have been shorter, The length of air column is directly proportional to temperature due to -?31 masts. 2. An atmosphere of helium would cause an organ pipe to have a higher pitch because the speed of sound is taster in helium, but since the pitch tot a tuning fork has a set frequency, the pitch will not change, 3. If you measure an interval of S seconds between seeing a lighting flash and hearing the thunder with the temperature of air being ICC, the lightning was 1715 meters away, x=mm 4. If a tuning fork is held over a resonance tube at ICC, and resonance occurs t 12 CM and 34 CM below the top of the tube, the frequency of the tuning fork is 783 Hzs- XX=LA-LA In-0. 340. 12 v-messmates v=331ms296273 v-345 ms 345 m) t-783 Hzs CONCLUSION The purpose of this experiment was to use tuning forks of known frequencies to create wavelengths by making sound waves and measuring the air column, This resonance tube apparatus will represent a closed pipe. Wavelengths may be found by measuring the difference between two successive tube lengths at which resonance occurs and will be half the wavelength. The original hypothesis for this experiment was that the speed of the sound will be greater due to the enrapture of the air being higher. In the experiment, when the water was lowered to different heights which in turn caused a change in length of the air columns. Which then allowed the tuning fork to resonant. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the percent error calculation, the experimental value was 348 urn/s and the theoretical speed of sound avgas 343 m/s, which avgas a error. In the experiment, learned that as frequency increases, the wavelength decreases. The experiment verified the principle of resonance in a closed tube. The original hypothesis was proven during the experiment; the speed Of sound Of Will be greater due to the temperature of the air being higher. Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear sliding motion. In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. Together with the crank, they form a simple mechanism that converts linear motion into rotating motion. Connecting rods may also convert rotating motion into linear motion. Historically, before the development of engines, they were first used in this way. In this laboratory we will investigate the kinematics of some simple mechanisms used to convert rotary motion into oscillating linear motion and vice-versa. The first of these is the slider-crank a mechanism widely used in engines to convert the linear thrust of the pistons into useful rotary motion. In this lab we will measure the acceleration of the piston of a lawn mower engine at various speeds. The results exemplify a simple relation between speed and acceleration or kinematical restricted motions, which will discover. An adjustable slider- crank apparatus and a computer simulation will show you some effects of changing the proportions of the slider-crank mechanism on piston velocity and acceleration. Other linkages and cam mechanisms may also be used for linear- rotary motion conversion and some of these will be included in the lab Abstract The distance between the piston and the centre of the crank is controlled by the triangle formed by the crank, the connecting rod and the line from the piston to the centre of the crank, as shown in [ Figure 1 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since the lengths of the crank and connecting rod are constant, and the crank angle is known the triangle POP is completely defined. From this geometry, the distance s is given by [1]: The rightmost position of P occurs when the crank and connecting rod are in line along the axis at P and the distance from O to P is I + r. Since the distance measured in the experiment uses this position as the reference location, the distance measured is given by: This means that x is a function of the crank angle O and that the relationship is not linear. Figure 1 Geometry of Crank and Connecting Rod Mechanism Procedure 1 . )III of equipments for experiment of slider crank are set in good condition. 2. )Before taking readings,we turned the crank slowly and watched the movement of the piston to make sure it moves in the correct direction 3. ) The angle of the circle, is twisted at degrees and a resulting distance that the piston moves, q is measured. The position of sliding block/slider, x is calculated 4. ) The procedures number 3 and number 4 are repeated with an increasing angle of 5 degrees until the angle of circle reaches 3600 5. ) The graph of the position of slider, against angles of circle, is plotted. Apparatus Crank and connecting rod assembly Conclusion From the experiment we can conclude that the motion of the piston will gradually approach simple harmonic motion in increasing value of connecting rod and crank ratio. Even though that is the case in this experiment we did not really get the graph as said in theory but it is almost the same. I believe that we had done something wrong while doing the experiment. The graph plotted can be shown that almost all the graphs tend to move to simple harmonic motion. The experiment was a simple one but it really needs a lot of time to take the eating. Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper Countersink: Used to stain red the cells that have been decolonize (Gram cells). C. Decontrolling agent: removes the primary stain so that the countersink can be absorbed. D. Mordant: Increases the cells affinity for a stain by binding to the primary stain. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 73 ; 74 Question 3: Why is it essential that the primary stain and the countersink be of contrasting colors? Answer: Cell types or their structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of the stain that is retained. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 73 Question 4: which is the most crucial step in the performance of the Gram staining procedures? Explain. Answer: Decentralization is the most crucial step of the Gram stain. Over-decentralization will result in lost of the primary stain causing Gram positive organisms to appear Gram negative. Under-decentralization will not completely remove the C.V.-I (crystal-violet-iodine) complex, causing Gram negative organisms to appear Gram positive. Source: Microbiology A Pages 74 Question 5: Because of a snowstorm, your regular laboratory session was cancelled and the Gram staining procedure was performed on cultures incubated for a longer period of time. Examination of the stained Bacillus cereus slides revealed a great deal of color variability, ranging from an intense blue to shades of pink. Account for this result. Answer: The organisms lost their ability to retain the primary stain and appear to be gram-variable. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 74 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 12 The purpose of the Acid fast stain is to identify the members of the genus Mycobacterium, which represent bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Mycobacterium has a thick, waxy wall that makes penetration by stains extremely difficult so the acid fast stain is used because once the primary stain sets it cannot be removed with acid alcohol. This stain is a diagnostic value in identifying these organisms. MATERIALS: * Bunsen burner * Hot plate * Inoculating loop * Glass slides * Bibulous paper * Lens paper * Staining tray * Microscope METHODS: 1. Prepared a bacterial smear of M. Schematic, S. Erasures, ; a mixture of M. Schematic ; S. Erasures 2. Allowed 3 bacterial slides to air dry ; then heat fixed over Bunsen burner 8 times. . Set up for staining over the beaker on hot plate, flooded smears with primary stain-crystal fuchsia and steamed for 8 minutes. 4. Rinsed slides with water 5. Decolonize slides with acid alcohol until it runs clear with a slight red color. 6. Rinsed with water 7. Countersigned with methyl blue for 2 minutes 8. Rinsed slides with water. 9. Blot dry using bibulous paper and examine under oil immersion * Mycobacterium Schematic * S. Erasures * A mixture of S. Erasures ; M. Schematic RESULTS AND DATA USED: 1. M. Schematic, a bacilli bacteria that colored pink resulting in acid fast. 2. S. Urges, a Cisco bacteria that colored blue resulting in non acid fast. 3. M. Schematic ; S. Erasures resulted in both acid fast ; non acid fast. CONCLUSION The conclusion to the acid fast stain is that S. Erasures lacks a cellular wax wall causing the primary stain to be easily removed during decentralization, causing it to pick up the countersink-methyl blue. This results in a non acid fast reaction, meaning it is not in the genus Mycobacterium. M. Schematic has a cellular wax wall causing the primary stain to set in and not be decolonize; this results in an acid fast reaction meaning it is in the genus Mycobacterium. REVIEW QUESTIONS Question 1: Why must heat or a surface-active agent be used with application of the primary stain during acid-fast staining? Answer: It reduces surface tension between the cell wall of the embarcadero and the stain. Source: Microbiology page 79 Question 2: Why is acid-alcohol rather than ethyl alcohol used as a decontrolling agent? Answer: Acid-fast cells will be resistant to decentralization since the primary stain is more soluble in the cellular waxes than in the decontrolling agent. Ethyl alcohol would make the acid fast cells non-resistant to the decentralization. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ page 79 Question 3: What is the specific diagnostic value of this staining procedure? Answer: Acid-fasting staining represents bacteria that is pathogenic to humans Question 4: Why is the application of heat or a surface-active agent not required during the application of the counter stain in acid-fast staining? Answer: The counter stain methyl blue is only needed to give the stain its color. Source: Microbiology A page 79 Question 5: A child presents symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis, namely a respiratory infection with a productive cough. Microscopic examination f the childs sputum reveals no acid-fast rods. However, examination of gastric washings reveals the presence of both acid-fast and non-acid fast bacilli. Do you think the child has active tuberculosis? Explain. Answer: Yes, the child may have active tuberculosis. Although, acid-fast microorganisms are not easily removed and non-acid fast are. Tuberculosis represents bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, the stain is of diagnostic value identifying these organisms. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 79 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 13 The purpose of this experiment is to identify the difference between the bacterial spore and vegetative cell forms. The vegetative cells are highly resistant, metabolically inactive cell types. The endoscope is released from the degenerating vegetative cell and becomes an independent cell. MATERIALS: * hot plate * staining tray * inoculating loop * glass slides * bibulous paper * lens paper * microscope 1 . The spore stain (Schaeffer-Fulton Method) is performed on a microscopic slide by making an individual smear of the bacteria on slide and heat fixing until dry. 2. Flood the smears with malachite green and place on top of a beaker of warm eater on a hot plate, allowing it to steam for 5 minutes. 3. Remove the slide and rinse with water. 4. Add counter stain seafaring for 1 minute then rinse again with water and blot dry with bibulous paper. MICROORGANISMS USED: * S. Erasures * S. Erasures B. Rues mix RESULTS/DATA USED 1. B. Cereus- green spores, pink vegetative cells, endoscope located in center of cell 2. B. Cereus S. Erasures- green spores, pink vegetative cells, endoscope located in center of cell CONCLUSION: An endoscope is a special type of dormant cell that requires heat to uptake the primary stain. To make endoscopes readily noticeable, a spore stain can be used. In using a microscope, under oil immersion, you will be able to identify the color of the spores, color of the vegetative cells and be able to locate the endoscope in certain bacteria like S. Erasures and B. Cereus. Question 1: Why is heat necessary in spore staining? Answer: The heat dries the dye into the vegetative cell of the spore. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 Question 2: Explain the function of water in spore staining. Answer: The water removes the excess primary stain, while the spores remain green the water nines the vegetative cells that are now colorless. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 Question 3: Assume that during the performance of this exercise you made several errors in your spore- staining procedure. In each of the following cases, indicate how your microscopic observations WOUld differ from those observed when the slides were prepared correctly. Answer: a. ) You used acid-alcohol as the decontrolling agent. The alcohol would wash out all coloring from the bacteria. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 5 b. ) You used seafaring as the primary stain and malachite green as the countersink. Seafaring will absorb to vegetative cells and not endoscopes since you need heat for endoscopes to form and malachite green will not absorb without heat but it will to vegetative cells. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 c. ) You did not apply heat during the application of the primary stain. Without heat, the endoscopes will not form and it will not penetrate the spore to color the vegetative cell. Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 5 Question 4: Explain the medical significance of a capsule. Answer: The capsule protects bacteria against the normal phagocyte activities of the host cells. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 7 Question 5: Explain the function of copper sulfate in this procedure. Answer: It is used as a decontrolling agent rather than water, washes the purple primary stain out of the capsular material without removing the stain bound to the cell wall, the capsule absorbs the copper sulfate and will appear blue. Cappuccino Sherman, p. 88 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER AAA The purpose of this experiment is to identify the best chemotherapeutic agents used for infe ctious diseases. S. Erasures is the infectious disease used for this experiment. MATERIALS: * Sense-disc dispensers or forceps * sterile cotton swabs * glassware marking pencil * millimeter ruler Using the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity test method is used. This method Uses an Antibiotic Sense-disc dispenser, which placed six different types of antibiotics on an Mueller-Hint agar plate, infected with S. Erasures. The antibiotics are in the form of small, round disc, approximately mm in diameter. The antibiotics are placed evenly away from each other on the S. Erasures infected Mueller-Hint agar plate and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for up to 48 hours. After the completed incubation time, any area surrounding the antibiotic disc which shows a clearing or an area of inhibition is then measured. Measurements are taken from the diameter of each antibiotic area of inhibition. This measurement will determine which of the antibiotics is best to be used against the specific organism. (In this case, S. Erasures) MICROORGANISMS USED: S. Erasures ANTIBIOTICS USED: Autocratic Erythrocyte Cylindrical Geocentric Fancying Linemen A chart showing the measurements of each antibiotic is used to determine its effectiveness. The three different types of ranges are: Resistant (Least useful) Intermediate (Medium useful) Susceptible (Most useful) The following results are: Zone Size Autocratic mm (Susceptible) Erythrocyte mm (Intermediate) Cylindrical mm (Intermediate) Geocentric mm (Susceptible) Fancying 13 mm (Susceptible) Linemen 21 mm (Susceptible) CONCLUSION: 4 of the 6 antibiotics above can be effectively used against inhibiting this organism (S. Erasures). This information would be passed on to the provider of the infected patient, so the patient can be given the antibiotic chosen by their provider and recover from this infection. LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER BOB The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the effectiveness of antiseptic agents against selected test organisms. MATERIALS: The materials used are five Traipses soy agar plates. 24-48 hours Triplicate soy broth cultures of E. Coli, B. Cereus, S. Erasures and M. Specialist. The microorganisms used were E. Coli, B. Cereus, S. Erasures and M. Specialist. The data collected in this experiment shows chlorine bleach having the broadest anger of microbial activity because it has the strongest ingredients. Tincture of iodine and hydrogen peroxide seems to have the narrowest range because the contents arent as strong. CONCLUSION: The Agar Plate-Sensitivity Method shows the effectiveness of antiseptic agents against selected test organisms. The antiseptic exhibited microbial activity against each microorganism. Question 1: Evaluate the effectiveness of a disinfectant with a phenol coefficient of 40. Answer: A disinfectant with a phenol coefficient of 40 indicates the chemical agent being more effective than the phenol. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G.

truman essays

truman essays Our government is a complex system with many different branches of power and many different jobs for each section. The Truman Years 1945-1953 written by author Byrnes demonstrates how many government positions work together as well as separate. These political positions also are granted certain powers that are not granted to all the government branches. During president Trumans years as president which followed after president Roosevelt died he was faced with many important decisions. Many of these important decisions he was able to decide for himself while other important decisions he had to rely on support from other government officials. President Truman became president when president Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. President Truman became the official president of the United States without any election being held. This act is permitted because of the constitution. In the constitution it is stated that if the president dies or become unable to fulfill his duties he can and will be replaced by the vice president. Trumans presidency was a long and difficult road, however because of many situations that occurred during his presidency there are a lot of features that outline the powers that our government has. In 1947 President Truman vetoed the act known as the Taft-Hartley act. This bill he vetoed because he saw that the bill was discriminatory against labor. Because our government is set up with a checks and balance system congress was still able to pass the bill with a overwhelming number of votes( congress must have a 2/3rd vote to overrule the presidents veto) in the congress. Another bill that came to the President during 1947 was a four billion dollar income tax reduction. President Truman vetoed this bill as being unfair to small tax payers. Because the congress could not get enough votes to override the president this bill was rejected. This act is known as the pres...

Self-Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-Motivation - Essay Example Muhammad. In addition, the need to attain attention from other people also made him work harder. Lastly his envy towards other people who were able to communicate efficiently e.g. Bimbi made him yearn to reach that level. This made him look for different sources that could help him become fluent both in writing and communicating (Munisamy, 2005, p. 43). In reaction to his desires, he decided to use a dictionary in order to study the meaning of different words. This was together with tablets and pencils to write down words that he learnt. As a result, his writing speed improved and he started understanding some few words an aspect that motivated him more. Learning to use dictionary also broadened his knowledge as he came to realize that different people that belong to various races exist. This was in addition to different places of the world. Also, he was able to read books and understand the meaning of the sentences unlike previously when he could not comprehend anything. This experience improved his urge to learn more therefore, reducing his free time that he previously used in planning criminal activity that led him to prison. Instead, he used this time reading books. The experience of this person is a good lesson that what once desires can be achieved if the person devotes his effort towards achieving it. In addition, one should not be frustrated when he is unable to achieve it easily. Instead, he/she should use the frustrations as an encouragement to work harder as the results are fruitful. In addition, one should relate with the right people who can help either with material or psychological help as people with a negative attitude can reduce the motivation level. Having hailed from Uzbekistan I had a rough time communicating with my friends in United States who were fluent in English. Some of them jeered at me while other encouraged me to learn English. At first, it was hard for me to understand

Magnetic nanowire arrays and their temperature stability Dissertation

Magnetic nanowire arrays and their temperature stability - Dissertation Example These nanowires are hexagonally arranged and highly ordered with wire to wire distances between 30 to 100 nm, wire diameters of 5 to 250 nm and lengths up to several ÃŽ ¼m depending on the preparation conditions. Ferromagnetic nanowires with diameters in the range of domain wall widths or even smaller are expected to behave as single domain particles. In the easiest case such nanowires can be interpreted as defect-free long ellipsoids with homogeneous magnetization and these represent model systems for the investigation of magnetic interactions because their magnetic properties are not obscured by difficult-to-control bulk domains. Within such nanowires the shape anisotropy, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy and – in the case of very fine nanowires (diameters about 5 nm) – the influence of the surface magnetism has to be considered. Depending on the distance between the nanowires the wires can be interpreted as magnetically isolated magnetic mono-domains or, in the case of arrays in alumina, as dipolar interacting mono-domains. For the understanding of the behavior of such arrays both theoretical and experimental investigations are essential. In the following we will just prese nt experimental results which demonstrate the basic magnetic properties.... Fig:- Hexagonally arranged Nanowire Arrays Ferromagnetic nanowires with diameters in the range of domain wall widths or even smaller are expected to behave as single domain particles. In the easiest case such nanowires can be interpreted as defect-free long ellipsoids with homogeneous magnetization and these represent model systems for the investigation of magnetic interactions because their magnetic properties are not obscured by difficult-to-control bulk domains. Within such nanowires the shape anisotropy, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy and – in the case of very fine nanowires (diameters about 5 nm) – the influence of the surface magnetism has to be considered. Depending on the distance between the nanowires the wires can be interpreted as magnetically isolated magnetic mono-domains or, in the case of arrays in alumina, as dipolar interacting mono-domains. For the understanding of the behavior of such arrays both theoretical and experimental investigations are ess ential. In the following we will just present experimental results which demonstrate the basic magnetic properties. Hysteresis loops of arrays of Co-nanowires in alumina with different diameters and roughly the same length with H parallel (II) and perpendicular (^) to the long wire axis. Aside from the scientific attitude such arrays of ferromagnetic nanostructures are of significant interest because of their possible application as ultrahigh-density magnetic recording media. The preparation of such systems is very cheap and fast compared to expensive and time consuming methods as microlithography and molecular beam epitaxy. In addition the diameter, interwire

A Visit to the Holocaust Memorial Museum Essay Example for Free

A Visit to the Holocaust Memorial Museum Essay I could not express the solemnity that envelops the place. The atmosphere of the exhibits is obviously full of grief, but the stillness of the images somehow brought a certain kind of peace despite the bizarre scenarios they depicted. Hundreds and thousands of black and white photographs dominate the place, pictures that would forever serve as a memorial to the sufferings of the victims of the Holocaust under Nazi Germany. Everything was terrifying and I wonder what human being can commit such atrocities to others? What conscience do they hold in order to allow such evil to be perpetrated? How could an entire nation have elected a leader whose sole intention was to massacre and eliminate an entire race and how could people then have hailed him in his ideologies? What abyss has the human character fallen to at those times? Where was mercy, where was hope, and where was love? Those pictures were filled with hell that seemed incessant to those who witnessed it. Children, parents and grandparents were all victims in this Holocaust. Six millions Jews together with other races considered inferior by the Aryan regime were exterminated and burned in crematoria. Crematoria, how could one have conceived of the idea? Perhaps Fyodor Dostoevsky was right, men are no beast and it is an insult to the beast to be compared to humans. For no best can be so artistically cruel, of which man is so accomplished. How could one have thought of sending men and women to labor camps and make them work to their deaths? And how could one have had the idea of gassing innocent victims in chambers with carbon monoxide? No beast would have designed such an organized mass killing. No beast would have gone to the level of tearing a being beyond both flesh and soul. What man would want to witness the suffering of another? I could not fathom the crimes that happened during those years. Indeed it is true that reality is far less believable than fiction. Holocaust Memorial Museum 2 In an exhibition in the museum, I saw a wall mounted with pictures collectively entitled as Terror in Poland. It showed faces, actual eyes and nose of those who perished in the war. But these casualties did not fall in the fields of Europe equipped with rifles and mortars, they were weaponless victims rounded up by the Germans and were brought to their deaths. No wants to die because they were left defenseless. No one wants to face death without a fight. No eyes would want to be left opened when their spirits leave their bodies. Another wall showed pictures with people lining, hundreds of people in the streets awaiting something I knew not. When I looked at the caption it said, â€Å"Search for Refuge†. Who would have thought that this happened only half a century ago? Only a few generations away are we fortunate enough not to have experienced searching for solace in any place they could find. Back then for these people, freedom was not a right but a luxury and death is always just a few steps behind. No person ever deserves to be compelled to search for security and no person deserves to be threatened to face annihilation. In the museum I saw pictures where a number of men were digging a hole. It seemed normal except that German soldiers were supervising these men. Then it dawned unto me that the very hole they were digging was their grave. Another similar picture shows a man sitting before another pit with a German soldier holding a gun against his head. Other members of the troops stood as spectators to the event without disdain. These German soldiers were otherwise known as the Einsatzgruppe or the â€Å"Killing Squads†. Their name suits them, only murderers deserve such a title. The most depressing part of the exhibitions in the museum was the Tower of Faces. Thousands of images stand erect across a three-floor high museum segment commemorating the individuals massacred by the Germans and their collaborators. Children with such Holocaust Memorial Museum 3 innocent eyes were the primary victims of this operation. Massive shootings in a span of three days killed more than 8000 Jews, leaving only 29 members of the community who were able to escape. Those who survived were nonetheless casualties, for the wounds that such events bring can never become scars, they would forever be fresh and would forever bleed. I knew little of the idea of eugenics, but in the museum, I was able to see a glimpse of the consequences of this terrible belief. I have heard of mice and guinea pigs experimented on for the sake of scientific progress. To some the idea is already inconceivable for having animals tested on is a terrible act of cruelty. How then would they react on the German doctors who performed experiments on live prisoners of the concentration and death camps of the Nazi regime? Children, specifically twins, were the primary interest of Nazi doctors. I would never forget the story of the gypsy twins who were dissected alive and cried for days until they died. No guardian of life should ever take life. No amount of reason would justify the sacrifice of life for the advancement of science. In my tour of the museum, what attracted me the most was the exhibit on the Jewish resistance against the genocide that is threatening to eliminate their race for eternity. No one then would have imagined Jews fighting back on the Germans. Even if they were not successful in defeating the enemy, history would forever honor them for their valor. Man should never lose the strength to survive and must never lose the courage to stand against the tempest. Many forgotten faces of men, women and children would remain buried in the mass graves of the war. They did not fall in the trenches or beachheads. They instead were shot or gassed in such an organized manner. We must forever remind the generations to come of what happened on those fields during those years of hell. We must remember and forever strive to prevent such atrocities from happening again.